Publications

The first AIDS case in India was detected in 1986 and since then, HIV/AIDS epidemic has emerged as a serious public health problem in India. Of the 39.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide, 7.1 million are from South and South East Asia and more than 70% of these infections are in India. It is estimated by the Indian government and the UNAIDS that as on December 2004, about 5.1 million individuals- 0.9 percent of the adult population were living with HIV/AIDS in India. Although the HIV prevalence of less than 1% of the adult population makes India a low prevalence country, given the country’s large population of more than a billion people, even a small increase in the prevalence rate can result in tremendous increases in the number living with HIV. In absolute numbers India ranks second to South Africa, which has 5.3 million HIV positive people, but it is feared that soon India may have more people infected with HIV than any other country in the world. Moreover, in India the epidemic is no longer confined to the high-risk groups and it has started spreading to the general population.

In China, in the early 1980s, sexually transmitted diseases (STD) started to increase steeply. Sex workers and their clients appeared to play an important role in the spread of STD. Prostitution is illegal in China, and therefore no specific services exist for sex workers unless they are arrested and detained in re-education centres. Staff of a maternal and neonatal hospital in Guangzhou felt the need for an STD care and prevention programme for sex workers outside detention, and started a programme within their hospital, which was unique in the Chinese context. Given the high prevalence of STD, the potential for the further spread of HIV is clearly present. STD care and prevention programmes for these women, outside detention, are urgently needed, and appear also to be feasible in China.

Information from the third round of HIV surveillance in Bangladesh show that infection rates remain low, but it is now clear that this situation will not continue unless there is a radical reduction in risk behaviour. Sex workers in Bangladesh report among the highest number of partners per week in Asia and condom use are lower here than in any other Asian country in which it has been measured.

This study was carried out among female sex workers in Kathmandu valley from March to August 2001 to determine the prevalence of HIV and syphilis and also to examine behavioral attitudes related to sexually transmitted disease. Total of 500 female sex workers (300 street based and 200 non-street based) were included in the study. All the female sex workers who agreed to participate were included in the study. After obtaining an informed consent a questionnaire was administered and blood sample was collected.

This report illustrates the powerful and negative effects of stigma on those affected by HIV/AIDS. The stories from children are particularly powerful. They remind us all of the human tragedies that lie behind the statistics. HIV/AIDS touches us all in some way – through family, friends, or communities. Addressing the HIV/AIDS pandemic requires a strong and coordinated response from all sectors of society - government, NGOs, churches, communities and children, as well as the international community. But this response has to incorporate changes in attitude and behaviour at the personal level, if they are to be successful.

The aim of this study is to use existing information to provide a comprehensive picture of the levels, patterns, composition and trends of the various types of contemporary population mobility occurring within Indonesia, as well as from and to the country. Insofar as it is possible using existing data, the study aims to indicate how population mobility in Indonesia is linked to the existing and likely future diffusion of HIV/AIDS.  It finds that, while undoubtly such a relationship exists, there is a dearth of existing research and knowledge not only into the nature of the relationship but also the location of the places where mobility is influencing and likely to influence the spread of HIV/AIDS.

HIV/AIDS is a major development crisis that affects all sectors. During the last two decades the HIV/AIDS epidemic has spread relentlessly affecting people in all walks of life and decimating the most productive segments of the population particularly women and men between the ages of 20 and 49 years. The increasing number of AIDS related absenteeism from workplaces and deaths reflects the early manifestation of the epidemic leaving behind suffering and grief.

This paper explores the nature of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cambodia, its impact on the country’s development and its effect on the 40 percent of Cambodians who live below the poverty line. It views AIDS within a wider health context, and explores the socio-economic factors that underlie both the epidemic’s development and the shape of the country’s response. Finally, it examines Cambodia’s options going forward, arguing that future responses will be needed along three tracks – those specific to AIDS; those specific to health; and those with a broad development focus.

The Behavioral Surveillance survey (BSS) for HIV prevention is based on serologic sentinel surveillance survey methods used in many countries to detect the emergence of HIV and monitor epidemic trends. Behavioral surveillance surveys are systems for quantitatively assessing sexual behavior change, consisting of structured questionnaires, administered periodically to samples of target groups specific geographic areas. This survey is the third round of the BSS conducted in the highway route of the FHI project area.

Behavioral surveillance surveys (BSS) form an important component of integrated surveillance systems for monitoring the HIV epidemic and are included in the second generation surveillance systems recommended by UNAIDS and WHO. This report highlights findings from female sex workers and adult males (specifically sailors and seaport workers and truckers and their assistants) from the first through the fifth waves of the BSS, conducted yearly in 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000.