Publications

With a view to facilitating the scaling up of access to antiretroviral therapy, and in line with a public health approach, this publication outlines recent revisions WHO has made to case definitions for surveillance of HIV and the clinical and the immunological classification for HIV-related disease. HIV case definitions are defined and harmonized with the clinical staging and immunological classifications to facilitate improved HIV-related surveillance, to better track the incidence, prevalence and treatment burden of HIV infection and to plan appropriate public health responses. The revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV are designed to assist in clinically managing HIV, especially where there is limited laboratory capacity. The final revisions outlined here are derived from a series of regional consultations with Member States in all WHO regions held throughout 2004 and 2005, comments from public consultation and the deliberations of a global consensus meeting held in April 2006.

China's AIDS epidemic began in the early 1980s as a localized epidemic among needle-sharing intravenous drug users along the border with Myanmar in China’s Yunnan Province. HIV infections are now found in all of China’s 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, with new infections growing at an estimated rate of 30% annually since 1999 and 44% in 2003 (Wu, Rou, and Cui 2004). The epidemic has been unfolding for at least a decade and accelerating for the last few years (Kaufman and Jing 2002), and a narrowing window of opportunity exists to avert a much larger epidemic.

The challenges posed by HIV have progressed inexorably during the past decade, especially for young people in developing countries. At the same time, many lessons have been learnt about developing and implementing programmes for young people’s health and development, including programmes to prevent the spread of HIV. In 2004, the UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team on Young People decided that it was time to review the progress that had been made and to look again at the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions, focusing explicitly on interventions to prevent the spread of HIV among young people in developing countries. This report is an attempt to rise to the challenge by providing systematic reviews of the evidence for policies and programmes to decrease HIV prevalence among young people, as a contribution towards achieving universal access to prevention, treatment and care (7) and attaining the Millennium Development Goal on AIDS (8).

Stigma-AIDS is a time-limited, global forum on HIV- and AIDS- related stigma and discrimination. The forum is managed by Health and Development Networks (HDN), working together with the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), the Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS (GNP+) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) on the IFRC global campaign against HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: ‘The Truth About AIDS. Pass it on...’, launched in 2002. The objective of the forum is to provide a place where knowledge, experience and practical solutions about stigma and HIV can be discussed and shared among people from all regions.

An estimated 1,700 children under the age of 15 are infected by HIV around the globe everyday. Many of these are young children, infected at birth by mothers who are unaware of their HIV status. A host of social and economic factors are exacerbating the vulnerability of young women and if they are already living with HIV, they often suffer more sever stigma and discrimination than males. The Pacific Islands are not being spared. Though data are limited, 1,028 HIV cases have been reported in the Pacific Island countries (excluding Papua New Guinea). Although the total number is still low compared to other countries in the region, the trend in new infections is a major cause for alarm.

Poverty has decreased dramatically throughout most of the Asia and Pacific region. From 1990 to 2000 the number of people living in poverty across the region fell by 165 million (ADB, 2004a). However, economic growth in India and the People’s Republic of China has driven much of the reduction in headline poverty figures. Other parts of the region, most notably the Pacific, have not witnessed a similar spectacular fall in poverty. Isolation, erosion of human capital, youth unemployment, inequitable growth, and political instability are challenges that Pacific states need to overcome if they are to reduce poverty and achieve development goals shared internationally. The overall objectives of this study are to quantify the poverty impacts of an escalating HIV/AIDS crisis in the Pacific, and to raise awareness and increase understanding among key decision makers.

This initiative is based on informing and informed understanding about causes and issues of HIV and AIDS from the perspective of governance and power relationship, unequal and unjust power equations. HIV and AIDS is also a political issue, warranting a political response from governments and the corporate sector. The role of civil society and non-government organisations is crucial in making change happen on ground. ActionAid is committed to galvanise synergy and facilitate co-ordinated action. The issue of HIV and AIDS has socio-political, gender and cultural implications. There is a need to initiate organised action and concentrate public effort to fight the stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV. Changing this situation requires both societal action and public advocacy. 

HIV and AIDS have left virtually no country, rich or poor, untouched. The Pacific island countries are no exception. Fed by rapid economic and social changes, conditions have become increasingly conducive to the spread of HIV. Leaders are beginning to match words with action, and progress on prevention, testing and counselling has been made, but much more needs to be done. Children are the missing face of AIDS, and failure to take account of their critical needs for prevention, protection, treatment and care will acutely undermine the region's chance of achieving other development objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. HIV and AIDS are redefining the very meaning of childhood, depriving children and young people of the care, love and protection of their parents, of education and options for the future, and of protection against exploitation and abuse. All too often, children affected by HIV and AIDS are stigmatized and discriminated against or slip through social welfare systems, and those children who are already infected are missing out on vital treatment and medical care.

I was born male and identify as one. Until recently I hadn't asked myself why I had turned out this way. Yet many transpeople I know have long asked this question of themselves. What's more, there is a small army of researchers trying to uncover answers to the same question. Relatively few seem interested in going up to a trans person and simply asking him or her 'Why do you think you turned out this way?

On 25 October 2005, the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), UNICEF and partners across the globe launched the most ambitious campaign to date to focus the world’s attention on the impact HIV and AIDS are having on children and young people today. Under the banner “Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS”, the Global Campaign on Children and AIDS sought to raise the alarm for the millions of children already living with or affected by HIV and press countries into taking action for them and future generations. For too long, children have been absent from the global HIV prevention, AIDS treatment and care agendas, and the campaign seeks to relegate these grievous omissions to the past. This campaign could not have come at a more opportune time in East Asia and the Pacific. While HIV prevalence in the region remains relatively low, the virus poses a serious threat. East Asia’s massive population coupled with rapidly changing social and economic dynamics could escalate epidemics, and in turn, jeopardize the tremendous development gains that have greatly benefited millions of children in the region. The threat is of a different nature in the Pacific, where HIV could devastate sparse populations and undermine whole cultures and societies.