Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)

Ethics is a discipline or area of study concerned with issues such as benefits, harms, fairness, and rights. As an area of study and practice, ethics covers moral values and questions about what actions should be taken and which policies should be implemented. Ethical answers to these questions depend on what (beneficial or harmful) outcomes are likely to occur, but also the extent to which these outcomes will be distributed fairly through relevant populations, and the rights and interests of the people affected by actions and policies.

Phylogenetic approaches have been used to study HIV biology and epidemiology since the early 1980s. In the last 15 years, advances in sequencing have led to an increase in the information obtained and a sharp drop in costs, making it feasible to use phylogenetics in larger studies and public health HIV surveillance programmes. This is the second brief in a series of three on HIV phylogenetics.

Phylogenetics is the study of the evolution of organisms based on their genetic similarity. Phylogenetic techniques, laboratory methods to read genetic code present in all living organisms, can be used to compare different species or to compare different members of the same species. They can also be used to compare viruses like HIV. Phylogenetic techniques are used to detect the subtle changes that occur in the genetic code of each organism from one generation to the next. These changes are particularly pronounced in HIV making it a good candidate for phylogenetic studies.

The indicators and questions in this document are designed for use by national AIDS programmes and partners to assess the state of a country’s HIV and AIDS response, and to measure progress towards achieving national HIV targets. Countries are encouraged to integrate these indicators and questions into their ongoing monitoring efforts and to report comprehensive national data through the Global AIDS Monitoring (GAM) process.

Achieving the 2025 and 2030 goals will require strong political leadership and the active engagement of people living with HIV and key and vulnerable populations across multiple sectors. Resources will need to be mobilized from both domestic and international sources. Sustainability will require different measures and approaches in diverse settings, highlighting the importance of tailoring sustainability planning and implementation for specific contexts, with existing efforts being leveraged.

Asia Pacific Tuberculosis profile fact sheet: Afghanistan show Estimated proportion of TB cases with MDR/RR-TB 2022, TB treatment coverage, TB case notification 2022, TB/HIV care in new and relapse TB patients 2022, TB preventive treatment 2022 and Incidence, New and relapse TB cases notified, HIV-positive TB incidence.

From the start of the HIV pandemic, one of the distinguishing features of the HIV response has been the central role played by communities. The invaluable innovation, passion and insight of communities have proven pivotal in getting the world to the point where there is a clear path to end AIDS as a public health threat.

Integrated HIV Bio-behavioral Surveillance Survey among Female entertainment workers in Cambodia 2022

The main goal of the study was to estimate the prevalence of HIV, syphilis, CT, and NG among FEW. In addition, the IBBS measured the use of and access to health and social welfare programs and identify means to increase prevention and health coverage and uptake in Cambodia.

HIV sero-surveillance, initiated in 1985, has evolved over the years as one of the most fundamental strategic information functions, facilitating evidence-based decision-making under the National AIDS and STD Control Programme (NACP) of the Government of India. In 2021, the 17th round of HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS) was implemented across the following eight population groups: pregnant women, single male migrants, long distance truckers, prisoners, female sex workers, men who have sex with men, hijra/transgender people and injecting drug users. 

The Ministry of Health of Bhutan formally started the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) program in 2006. Services were nonetheless provided prior to the formal PMTCT program introduction, and the first PMTCT guideline was developed in 2006. PMTCT services are integrated into the general health system and are delivered as an integral component of mother and child health services.