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This technical assistance (TA) aims to reduce the vulnerability to, and risk of, HIV/AIDS transmission among ethnic minority groups through communication strategies. The TA focuses on ethnic minorities that live in cross-border areas in the GMS. An Asian Development Bank (ADB) regional TA (RETA), begun in 2002 and completed in December 2004, dealt with HIV/AIDS in GMS areas. The proposed TA will build on the achievements of RETA 6083 by (i) scaling-up to address the increased risk of HIV/AIDS due to human trafficking and drug abuse; and (ii) scaling-out to include new ethnic groups prioritized by government partners.5 The TA will build on ADB’s past work in strengthening the human capital of ethnic minorities, including addressing their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, and will coordinate with ongoing TAs on human trafficking and drug abuse in reducing structural vulnerabilities, for example citizenship and land tenure, among ethnic minorities in cross-border areas of the GMS.
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In Cambodia, behavioral surveillance surveys (BSS) have been conducted regularly since 1997. These surveys have gathered data on sexual behaviors among brothel-based sex workers, women working for beer companies, police, military, and moto-taxi drivers in the same five provinces using a consistent methodology. For this year round (BSS VI), five new provinces were added to the sample.
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In recent decades, countries in the Asia-Pacific region have experienced an increase in the mobility - that is, internal and international migration - of men and women in the region. This phenomenon has been accompanied by the relentless spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which affects all countries, including smaller or somewhat isolated countries such as Mongolia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
The UNDP Regional HIV and Development Programme in partnership with Asia Pacific Migration Network (APMRN) commissioned this study in seven countries of the region - Bangladesh, China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), India, Mongolia, Republic of Korea, and Sri Lanka - to undertake a systematic review of the existing knowledge on migration routes and processes, trafficking routes, the conditions under which men and women move, their living and working conditions, and their vulnerabilities to HIV/AIDS. The study also reviewed the legal and policy environments, and identified and analysed the gaps in the existing knowledge and areas for possible action.
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At the time the national AIDS strategy was developed in 2002, no hard data were available to guide programme choices and help prioritise strategies. With the support of USAID, the Ministry of Health and Family Health International (FHI) collaborated with local NGOs and others on a quantative survey of HIV, other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and risk behaviour. The survey was conducted in late 2003 in the capital city, Dili, among female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSM), taxi drivers and male military personnel.
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With rapid and steady economic growth since the mid 1980s, the South Korean work force is increasingly avoiding the so-called 3D (difficult, dirty, and dangerous) jobs, causing an imbalance in the supply and demand of labor. This situation has attracted a great number of migrant workers to the Republic of Korea since the late 1980s.
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Female sex workers and their male clients have been identified as risk groups for the transmission of STDs and HIV. Behavioural interventions targeting clients need to address inconsistent condom use among them. The aim of the study is to assess the sociodemographic, behavioural, and psychological factors associated with inconsistent condom use among clients of sex workers.
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One method to obtain an accurate information on number of HIV cases is to do an estimation by using available data. Therefore, in 2002 the Indonesian Ministry of Health, with ASA/FHI/USAID conducted a National Estimates of Adult HIV Infection. Those estimates were a great step to estimate the magnitude of burden diseases in the future. The results for conducting reliable estimates could be used into further development of policies and programs related to HIV/AIDS problems.
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The aim of this study is to discuss the role of NGOs in HIV/AIDS work, but also what capability the government possesses in the field, in Cambodia. The starting-point is that the HIV/AIDS situation and the NGO community in Cambodia are unusual. The Cambodian state is seen from a weak state perspective. A policy process approach is used to see in what phases the actors are capable and incapable respectively.
It was found that both NGOs and the government take advantage of each others weaknesses and strengths. The government does not emphasise implementation due to that NGOs constitute a strong group of actors in this field. Still, in formulating HIV/AIDS sensitive policies the government is active and the Cambodian political commitment in relation to HIV/AIDS is unique in a Third World perspective.
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Surveillance for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is conducted annually among population groups most vulnerable to HIV infection. The rate of HIV prevalence among injecting drug users in an urban area in central Bangladesh has increased significantly over the past three years to a level of 4% in 2002. Through 2002, in all other population groups sampled, HIV prevalence has remained <1%. The findings of this report suggest a trend in Bangladesh toward a concentrated HIV epidemic among injecting drug users.
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With USAID funding Family Health International (FHI) launched a series of sexual behavior surveys in developing countries called Behavioral Surveillance Surveys (BSS). These repeated cross-sectional surveys of behaviors in sentinel groups are now considered as an essential component of second generation HIV surveillance systems. These surveys are designed to be administered on a regular basis (either annually or bi-annually) to provide data on changes of risk behaviors over time. Cambodia is fortunate to have one of the most comprehensive BSS in the world, established in 1997 and repeated annually. The 2001 BSS is the fifth round.