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Nepal is one of the major source countries of migrant laborers, helping fulfill the demand in rapidly industrializing countries in Asia and the Gulf. Foreign employment provides an alternative livelihood for many young Nepalese. Top destination countries are India, Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, South Korea and Bahrain. The high degree of economic hardship in the country is even leading young Nepalese to migrate to places, like Iraq, which are prohibited by the government for foreign employment. This is resulting in a rise in undocumented migrants ‐ a group that faces many vulnerabilities, including to their health.
Resource | Publications,
The Philippines is one of the world’s largest and best organised source countries for human labour migration. There are an estimated over 7 million Filipinos overseas at any point in time working in more than 160 countries, with an additional 1.3 million undocumented Filipinos working abroad. The migration profile is gradually changing to include not only less skilled workers ‐ such as domestics, construction and factory workers ‐ but also highly skilled workers and particularly healthcare professionals.
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In 2007, it was estimated that there were 4.9 million people living with HIV in Asia, of whom 440,000 became newly infected in the past year and approximately 300,000 died from AIDS‐related illness (#UNAIDS, 2008a). While overall prevalence of HIV in Asia is lower than in certain other parts of the world, particularly Africa, there is a large variation in HIV prevalence within Asia – from almost 0%, up to 2.4% recorded in the Papua province of Indonesia (#UNAIDS & WHO, 2007).
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Exporting migrant workers is part of the Vietnamese government’s mandate, with a target of 75,000 workers per year, increasing to 100,000 by 2010. In 2006, Vietnam sent out 78,855 migrant workers, 35% of whom were female. Currently, there are 3.2 million Vietnamese living abroad permanently, and 500,000 Vietnamese migrant workers working in over 40 different countries under time‐limited labor contracts.
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Given its porous borders and tough economic conditions, Pakistan faces a variety of migration issues. According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, at least 450,000 people migrate each year, of whom 300,000 resort to irregular means. While some migrate through the government Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment, others use informal social networks, relying on friends and family already working abroad.
Resource | Fact Sheets,
India is one of the major sending countries of migrant laborers in Asia. It is estimated that around 15 million Indians live abroad, and hundreds of thousands migrate each year for work. There are two different classes of migrant workers: the highly technically skilled, and the unskilled. The Indian professionals and technical workers tend to migrate permanently to the USA, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. In 2001, 23,000 Indians received US immigration visas, and 17,000 received Canadian immigration visas.
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Migration dynamics have evolved rapidly in Thailand over the past few decades, with Thailand moving from a labor‐exporting country to a labor‐importing country. In 1995, Thailand sent more than 200,000 migrant workers overseas. By 2004, this number had decreased to 150,000 – 18% of whom were women. Primary destination countries were Taiwan, Singapore, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Brunei, and Hong Kong. Thailand receives USD 5 billion in remittances a year.
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Migration within Sri Lanka and to other countries for employment is an economic necessity for many households in Sri Lanka. The main destinations for Sri Lankan migrant workers are the Gulf region (mainly Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar) ‐ which hires 90% of the Sri Lanka migrant work force ‐ and other countries in the Asia Pacific. Sri Lankan migrant workers have been going to these regions for employment for the past 20 years. Over half of all migrant workers are female, 91% of whom were employed as domestic workers. However, in recent years, there has been a growing trend towards supplying semi‐skilled labour to the Gulf region due to its improved educational attainment and construction boom.
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The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the potential impact of the current crisis on migrant and mobile populations in Southeast Asia, and assess how the likely increase in unsafe mobility with its accompanying risks and vulnerabilities for HIV transmission will affect the health of people on the move. The economic crisis will have severe consequences for employment and poverty in the region as it often pushes out of the labor market the most vulnerable, such as migrants. Migrant workers vulnerabilities to HIV will likely be exacerbated with increasing deterioration of their economic opportunities.
Further, we know that even during the best economic times the combination of social, cultural, linguistic, legal and behavioral barriers affect migrants’ access to information and to prevention, health and social services. These conditions are likely to worsen during the economic downturn.
Resource | Fact Sheets,
HIV Surveillance Activities in Nepal:
- Nepal’s priority in HIV surveillance is strengthening of the Second Generation Surveillance system.
- Routine case reporting: National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC) receives HIV, AIDS and STI case reports from HIV Testing and Counseling (VCT), ART and PMTCT sites
- Regular Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveys (IBBS) among High Risk Groups (Female Sex Workers, Injecting Drug Users, Men having Sex with Men, Clients of Sex Workers, and Migrants) is being conducted by epidemiological regions in every two year to track the changes in the HIV prevalence and associated risk behaviours.