Displaying items by tag: Transgender

Friday, 30 December 2011 00:00

Mapping and Size Estimation of Most At Rist Population in Nepal Vol. 1 Male Sex Workers, Transgenders & Their Clients. National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, Nepal (2011)

Nepal conducted a mapping and size estimation exercise of Most At Risk Population (MARPs) in consideration of the epidemic’s nature, availability of limited information on the MARP groups of Female Sex Workers (FSWs), Male Sex Workers,Transgenders and their Clients (MTCs), and Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) as well as the need for a more robust and evidence informed response to HIV for maximizing results

Download this publication

Published in Other Surveillance Reports / Situational Analysis

Friday, 31 December 2010 00:00

Organizational Mapping Project of HIV/AIDS Groups for MSM and Transgenders in Developed Asia. The Asia Pacific Coalition on Male Sexual Health (2010)

HIV prevalence among MSM/TGs in countries (Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan)in Developed Asia is generally higher than the national figures. While public resources exist for combating HIV/AIDS, in the case of MSM/TGs in these countries, the lack of political leadership and social taboos against sexual minorities have curtailed preventive measures.

Download this publication

Published in Men who have sex with men (MSM) / Transgender (TG)

Saturday, 31 December 2011 15:32

Secret Lives, Other Voices: A Community-based Study Exploring Male-to-Male Sex, Gender Identity and HIV Transmission Risk in Fiji. Bavinton B, Singh N, Naiker DS, et al (2011)

Secret Lives Other Voices Research Report3.3

This project is the first research to be conducted with men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender (Tg) people in Fiji since 1998. It aims to inform the public health response to HIV and sexual health among MSM and Tg in Fiji and assist in the development of community-based activities. The research was community-based and the survey data were collected by MSM and Tg community research assistants.

Download this publication

Published in Men who have sex with men (MSM) / Transgender (TG)

Tuesday, 20 November 2012 11:49

Men who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Populations: Muti-City Initiative Bangkok, Chengdu, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, Manila, Yangon. USAID, UNDP, UNAIDS, et al (2010)

In response to the alarming growth in HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender persons (TG) in Asia, a broad coalition of United Nations partners, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and its cooperating agencies, national AIDS programs, city governments and MSM and transgender community-based organizations joined together in a unique partnership called the MSM and TG Multi-City HIV Initiative.

Download this publication

Published in Men who have sex with men (MSM) / Transgender (TG)

Thursday, 30 December 2010 23:00

Singapore: MSM Country Snapshots – Country Specific Information on HIV, Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) and Transgender People (TG). UNAIDS, Asia Pacific Coalition on Male Sexual Health, and HIV and AIDS Data Hub for Asia-Pacific (2010)

MSM Country Snapshots – Country Specific Information on hiv,
men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people (TG)
AUGUST 2010
VERSION 2

Download this publication

Published in Singapore: Reference Materials

fiji

The boundaries and names shown and the official designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

Country Profile

Although Fiji continues to be a low HIV prevalence country, the available data indicates that its population is vulnerable to HIV infection. Specifically, surveys have shown high levels of commercial sex and multiple sexual partners, a low level of condom use among those who engage in higher-risk sex, high prevalence of STIs, low level of HIV knowledge, and violence against women.^{1; 2; 3}

The first cases of HIV were identified in 1989. As of December 2010, a cumulative total of 366 confirmed HIV cases were reported; the main mode of transmission was heterosexual (89%), followed by perinatal transmission (7%) and homosexual transmission (3%). Only one known case due to injecting drug use has been reported (in 1994).⁴ Sexually transmitted infections (STI) among ANC attendees have been found to be considerably high in Fiji. In 2008, Chlamydia prevalence was 26.8%, followed by syphilis and gonorrhoea with prevalence of 2.7% and 2.2%, respectively (N=448).²

A recent MSM study in 2011 indicated that two-thirds engaged in transactional sex. Consistent condom use was quite low; only 22% of the respondents reported consistent condom use with any MSM or TG partners in the last six months. ⁵ MSM and TG-specific HIV prevention services are still limited and more than one third of the respondents had neither been approached by outreach workers nor been given condoms and lubricants. Furthermore, only 11% were tested for HIV in the last 12 months and knew the test results.⁵

Qualitative studies by McMillan and Worth in 2009 and 2011 found that many sex workers did not use condoms with their intimate partners. The clients often determined the terms of condom use and many clients were resistant to it.⁶ Fear of police harassment or arrest was found to be a disincentive to carrying condoms, especially after the Crimes Decree was enacted in 2010 which affirms sex work as a punishable offence. The study indicated that due to the criminalisation of sex work, sex workers have become less accessible to peers, sex worker advocates and HIV prevention programmes.⁷

Fiji passed a law decriminalizing consensual homosexuality through the Fiji National Crimes Decree on 1 February 2010 ⁸ and also lifted its restrictions on entry, stay or residence based on HIV status in August 2011.⁹ Furthermore, the HIV/AIDS Decree 2011 was enacted on January 18, 2011 and it has been acknowledged both locally and internationally as one of the most progressive HIV laws in the world.¹⁰

Sources:

¹Ministry of Health. (2010). UNGASS Country Progress Report: Fiji

²Ministry of Health Fiji, Ministry of Health Kiribati, Ministry of Health Samoa, Ministry of Health Solomon Islands, et al. (2006). Second Generation Surveillance Surveys of HIV, other STIs and Risk Behaviours in Six Pacific Island Countries.

³ Meleisea, P. S., UNDP Pacific Centre, UNDP Regional Project on HIV and Development, UNIFEM Pacific, et al. (2009). Gender and HIV in the Pacific Islands Region: A Literature Review of Evidence with Recommendations: UNDP Pacific Centre.

⁴ Ministry of Health. (2011). Annual Report 2010.

⁵ Bavinton, B., Singh, N., Naiker, D. S., Deo, M. N., et al. (2011). Secret Lives, Other Voices: A Community-Based Study Exploring Male-to-Male Sex, Gender Identity and HIV Transmission Risk in Fiji. Suva, Fiji: AIDS Task Force of Fiji.

⁶ McMillan, K., & Worth, H. (2010). Risky Business: Sex Work and HIV Prevention in Fiji: International HIV Research Group, UNSW, Sydney.

⁷ McMillan, K., & Worth, H. (2011). Sex Workers and HIV Prevention in Fiji – after the Fiji Crimes Decree 2009: International HIV Research Group, UNSW, Sydney.

⁸UNAIDS. (2010). Fiji First Pacific Island Nation with Colonial-Era Sodomy Laws to Formally to Decriminalize Homosexuality. Feature Story Retrieved February 26 from http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2010/march/20100304fiji/

⁹ UNAIDS. (2011). Fiji Lifts Travel Ban for People Living with HIV. Feature Story Retrieved February 26 from http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2011/august/20110826cfiji/

¹⁰ Fiji Government Online Portal. (2011). PM Highlights Fiji's Progressive Laws on Health Care. News Retrieved February 26 from http://fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4910%3Apm-highlights-fijis-progressive-laws-on-health-care&catid=67%3Afiji-header-stories&Itemid=155